Home › Forum Online Discussion › Philosophy › Confuciuis is Cool! new Communist Party Strategy (article)
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September 21, 2015 at 10:45 pm #44838Michael WinnKeymaster
note: This is a seachange for China. I saw this begin in Nov. 2009 when I was one of a thousand Taoists invited to attend a conference held at the Tianamen Square Communist Hall where the party normally meets. Part of a conscious strategy to promote homegrown culture (Taoism) rather than invading foreign religions. I don’t know if this campaign will save the party in the long run, but it may make it easier for Taoists to flourish. Certainly the 100% Culture of Marxist-Materialism has led to shallow moral values amongst the people and nourished corruption. – Michael
By JEREMY PAGE
Wall Street Journal Sept. 20, 2015BEIJINGOne Thursday morning in June, 200 senior officials crammed into an auditorium in the Communist Partys top training academy to study a revolutionary idea at the heart of President Xi Jinpings vision for China.
They didnt come to brush up on Marx, Lenin or Mao, staple fodder at the Central Party School since the 1950s. Nor were they honing their grasp of the state-guided capitalism that defined the nation for the last 35 years.
They came to hear Wang Jie, a professor of ancient Chinese philosophy and a figure in the countrys next ideological wave: a renaissance of the traditional culture the Communist Party once sought to destroy.
For two hours, Prof. Wang says, he reeled off quotes from Confucius and other Chinese sageswhom the party long denounced as feudal relicsand urged his audience to incorporate traditional concepts of filial piety and moral rectitude into their personal and professional lives.
Im getting hoarse, Prof. Wang says over a cup of green tea after class. The previous day, he had lectured at the culture ministry and, the day before, at the commerce ministry. Monday would be the insurance regulator. Xi Jinpings words, he says, have lit a fuse.
Two years after outlining a China Dream to re-establish his nation as a great world power, Mr. Xi is backfilling his vision and seeking a fresh source of legitimacy by reinventing the party as inheritor and savior of a 5,000-year-old civilization.
The shift forms the backdrop for Mr. Xis visit to the U.S. this week and could shape China for years.
Mr. Xi appears to be seeking to inoculate Chinese people against the spread of Western political ideals of individual freedom and democracy, part of what some political insiders say he views as a long-term contest of values and ideology with the U.S.
The effort is gaining urgency now, as an economic slowdown and stock-market rout fray the social compact of the last three decades in which citizens traded political freedom for rapid wealth creation. With Communist dogma and Chinese-style capitalism losing appeal, the party needs fresh ideas.
Its like the prodigal son returning, says Guo Yingjie, a University of Sydney Chinese-studies professor who wrote a book on Chinese cultural nationalism. China has had more than a century of anti-traditionalism. Now theyre heading in the opposite direction.
In the last year, the party has publicly ordered its officials nationwide to attend lectures on Confucius and other classical Chinese thinkers, while tightening restrictions on Western influence in art, academia and religion. Prof. Wangs lectures joined the Party Schools core curriculum this year. Party officials didnt respond to inquiries.
The education ministry has decreed that traditional culture, including classical literature wiped from the curriculum a century ago, be taught in schools and feature prominently in university entrance exams.
Schoolbooks, tightly controlled by the party, are being revised to include ancient texts promoting respect for elders and traditional moral values, say people involved in the process. Teachers are being retrained, as most never studied the texts.
National moral thinking
The goal isnt just to encourage national self-confidence but to aid personality development, encourage altruism and instill Chinese national moral thinking, the ministry says in an emailed response to questions.The government is also plowing money into projects including a free online classical library, television series on Chinas ancient history and a $250 million national center for traditional culture next to Beijings Olympic Stadium.
Chinese officials have portrayed all this as part of a quest to identify Chinas distinct cultural genes and to re-establish China not just as a strong nation, but also as a civilization with its own core values on a par with the West.
They also have suggested they see it as a new way to justify Chinas authoritarian governmentas an extension of an ancient political traditionand to tackle corruption.
To solve Chinas problems, we can only search in the land of China for the ways and means that suit it, Mr. Xi in October told the partys Politburo, its top 25 leaders, official media reported. We need to fully make use of the great wisdom accumulated by the Chinese nation over the last 5,000 years.
The changes mark a U-turn for the party and come with significant dangers. By embracing classical thinkers it once demonized, the party risks undermining its authority among citizens who recall earlier ideological campaigns.
It could also encourage Chinese citizens to explore other ideas the party has tried to wipe from history, such as those in organized religion, which the leadership still considers subversive. Some scholars argue Confucianism is compatible with democracy; others want it to become a national religion or ideology.
Mr. Xi continues to stress the importance of Marx and Mao, and of Deng Xiaoping, who launched Chinas market reforms in 1979. He has placed greater emphasis on Mao than his two predecessors and stepped up political education on Marxism in universities.
But party insiders and political analysts say his longer-term agenda is to merge those ideas with elements of Chinas ancient political culture to forge a new nationalist ideology. Central to the ideological pivot is Confucius.
Thought to have lived in the sixth and fifth centuries B.C., Confucius emphasized respect for elders, social ritual and personal moral virtue, including among leaders. His ideas formed the basis of Chinese schooling and entry exams for the imperial bureaucracy for two millennia.
But by the late 19th century, reformist intellectuals concluded that Chinas weakness compared with Western powers was largely due to its conservative Confucian culture. They felt it made society too hierarchical, stifling technological innovation and fostering bureaucratic corruption. China needed to adopt Western science and political ideas, they argued.
When the Communist Party took power in 1949, it banned ancestor worship and other Confucian rituals as feudal practices and taught party loyalty. It renewed that onslaught in the 1966-1976 Cultural Revolution.
Since market reforms began in 1979, the party has allowed a limited, uncoordinated cultural renaissance. It has also carried out periodic patriotic education campaigns since crushing 1989 pro-democracy protests.
Until recently, it has been wary of overtly embracing Chinas ancient past amid opposition from older party members who still see Confucianism as a source of weakness. In 2011, a Confucius statue was erected along Tiananmen Square but removed 100 days later following heated debate online and within the party.
Confucius comeback
Mr. Xi is taking a different tack, explicitly endorsing the cultural revival and formalizing it in schools and Party trainingcherry-picking elements that suit his needs. In September 2014, he became the first Communist leader to attend celebrations marking Confucius birthday. He has complained that textbooks lack enough Chinese classical literature.People can follow Mr. Xis lead at places like the Confucius Academy in the southwestern city of Guiyang, a 75-acre complex local property developers built for 1.15 billion yuan ($185 million) and opened in 2013.
Carved into a lush mountainside, it is dominated by a 30-foot-high Confucius statue. Now managed and funded by the local government, it provides free lectures on Confucian philosophy to the public and facilities for Confucian scholars to live and work.
Last year, the party opened a traditional-culture training center here for local officials, the first of its kind. It invited the Party Schools Prof. Wang to give the first lecture: Traditional Culture and Official Ethics.
City and provincial bureaucrats have attended regular courses there ever since, local officials say.
We need to help them understand how to be an upright persona moral person, says Xu Qi, the complexs party secretary. This is Uncle Xis demand, he adds, using a popular nickname for the president, who praised the Confucius Academy last year.
The complex has support from the central government, which funds a permanent exhibit on Confucius. Top leaders have visited, including party ideology chief Liu Yunshan.
One recent Saturday, some 300 people, many in their 20s, attended a free three-hour lecture on the Book of Changes, one of the foundations of the feng shui system for aligning physical places and structures with the spiritual world. Also viewed as a moral and political guide, it is among the Confucian canons five classics.Popular interest in traditional culture has grown in the past decade, influenced by Taiwanese and Hong Kong activists, experts say. Many private kindergartens have children recite classical texts. Mainland scholars offer businessmen private classes in national studies.
The Guiyang complex is among clear signs the party is trying to exploit and regulate that interest, says Sebastien Billioud, author of the book The Sage and the People: The Confucian Revival in China.
I think theyre using this as a test, he says. When everyone is cynical about everything, you need to findor reinventsome ideological ground somewhere. They need to invent something because growth is not going to be there forever.
One of the partys concerns, analysts say, is that the Mao eras iconoclasm followed by decades of unbridled materialism has led to a moral breakdown contributing to corruption and neglect of the elderly.
Internationally, Mr. Xi is eager to project a more appealing image of China based on values, as well as strength, as it seeks a leadership role through initiatives including a plan for new East-West trade routes.
Mao doesnt sell
What we have just doesnt sell abroad, says Bai Tongdong, a philosophy professor at Shanghais Fudan University who has taught traditional culture to businessmen and officials. Mao doesnt sell. Communism doesnt sell. But Confucianism and other traditional thinking can make sense.Before Mr. Xi took power, some party members pushed a more-assertive revival of Maoist symbols and rhetoric, championed by former Politburo rising star Bo Xilai. That movement weakened after Mr. Bos wife was convicted in 2012 of murdering a British businessman and Mr. Bo was jailed the following year for corruption and abuse of power.
While Mr. Xi has borrowed from Mr. Bos leadership style, the ideological balance has tipped toward cultural revivalists, political insiders say.
Among them is Wang Qishan, Chinas powerful anticorruption chief, said by people who know him to be an avid reader in history and philosophy. In April, he held an unusual meeting with three foreigners, including the American political thinker Francis Fukuyama, according to a transcript one participant posted online. Mr. Fukuyama says the transcript was accurate, declining to comment.
During the meeting, Mr. Wang said he had read books on U.S. constitutional law, the Ming empire and Englands Tudors. First, we need to make clear our own history and civilization, he said. China has outstanding DNA in its own culture.
He said China needed to study Confucius and Mencius, a sage of the same tradition. Mr. Wang, who couldnt be reached for comment, also expressed admiration for 15th-century Confucian scholar Wang Yangming.
The education ministry has mandated that primary-school children be taught to understand Chinese festivals, honor their parents and know they are part of the Chinese nation, according to a notice issued last year.High schoolers should take up a traditional Chinese sport, do calligraphy and recite ancient poetry, the ministry said. University students should study important books of ancient Chinese thought and culture.
The China National Culture Art Center, a civic organization, has produced new traditional-culture textbooks used in pilot schemes in places such as the Beijing suburb of Tongzhou, where 51 schools hold daily traditional-culture classes, according to staff there.
In a Tongzhou primary-school class recently, children recited from a textbook based on a sixth-century text. Be devoted to your parents with all your strength, loyal to the throne with your life, the book intones, and, The husband leads; the wife follows.
Most parents support it, but not 100%, says Su Jinliang, director of the Tongzhou District Teacher Training Center. Some of them feel: How can you bring back these things that were overthrown and criticized in the Cultural Revolution? They feel its more important to study things like English.
Aware of such sentiments, the party is treading cautiously. Education authorities publicly criticized one Shanghai school for making 700 children kneel before their parents in what was deemed an excessive display of filial piety. A Beijing school was scolded for going too far in teaching girls traditional female virtue.
The Party Schools Prof. Wang says such problems will be ironed out as authorities clarify what is still considered feudal. He has launched an app for party officials to share traditional-culture information and to question scholars about things they dont understand.
He proposed a Confucius statue for the schools grounds but hasnt gotten approval. The times not quite right, he says. Perhaps in a few years.
Write to Jeremy Page at jeremy.page@wsj.com
September 22, 2015 at 6:34 am #44839c_howdyParticipantTHE HEAVENSSaying that the various belief systems had a good run over the last few millennia but that it was probably time for humans to get by on their own, the Lord Our God, He Who Is Seen And Unseen, proclaimed Monday that He would begin slowly weaning humanity off religion. Religion was definitely helpful for humans when they first started out, but now it seems like its pretty much served its purposetime to take the training wheels off, said God, who argued that while the transition from religion might be difficult for a large segment of the population, ultimately humankind would be better off without it in the long run. Its not like Im going to get rid of religion all in one go or anything; Ill wind it down gradually over the next 500 years or so. Really, when you take a good look at it, the negatives are starting to outweigh the positives anyway. At press time, God was implementing the first stage of His plan by effecting the opposite outcome of every prayer He received.
-http://forum.healingdao.com/general/message/25679/Iosif Romualdovich Grigulevich (Russian: Иосиф Ромуальдович Григулевич; May 5, 1913 June 2, 1988) was a Soviet illegal operative (a spy acting without legitimate diplomatic cover) between 1937 and 1953, when he took a leading role in assassinating leftists who were not loyal to Joseph Stalin. Under a false identity as Teodoro B. Castro, a wealthy Costa Rican expatriate living in Rome, Grigulevich served as the ambassador of the Republic of Costa Rica to both Italy and Yugoslavia (19521954). His mission to assassinate Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito was aborted due to Stalin’s death, after which Grigulevich settled in Moscow, where he worked as an expert on the history of Latin America and on the Roman Catholic Church. He was a member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, served as editor-in-chief of the magazine Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost (“Social Sciences Today”), and published many books and articles about Latin American subjects.
-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosif_Grigulevich“Religion is the opium of the people” is one of the most frequently paraphrased statements of German economist Karl Marx. It was translated from the German original, “Die Religion … ist das Opium des Volkes” and is often rendered as “religion… is the opiate of the masses.” The quotation originates from the introduction of his proposed work A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right; this work was never written, but the introduction (written in 1843) was published in 1844 in Marx’s own journal Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher, a collaboration with Arnold Ruge. The phrase “This opium you feed your people” appeared earlier in 1797 in Marquis de Sade’s text L’Histoire de Juliette and Novalis’s “Religion acts merely as an opiate” around the same time. The full quote from Karl Marx translates as: “Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the opium of the people”. Often quoted, the interpretation of the metaphor in its context has received much less attention.
-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_of_the_peopleSorry for my broken English.
… certainly the 100% Culture of Marxist-Materialism has led to shallow moral values amongst the people and nourished corruption…
If one is enough familiar with Marx as a thinker, one shouldn’t come to this kind of conclusion too easily.
One should’n ignore his sensitivity to inequality and backwardness in all forms.
Also criticism of popular external religion is appropriate, because one should look for example these quite recent materializations like The Book of Mormon or The Urantia Book.
Is there in the end anything good to say about them?
External materialism shouldn’t exclude private religious experience.
HOWDY
October 15, 2015 at 4:39 pm #44841c_howdyParticipantAntonino Joseph Accardo (born Antonino Leonardo Accardo; April 28, 1906 May 22, 1992), also known as “Joe Batters” or “Big Tuna”, was a longtime American mobster. In a criminal career that spanned eight decades, he rose from small-time hoodlum to the position of day-to-day boss of the Chicago Outfit in 1947, to ultimately become the final Outfit authority in 1972. Accardo moved The Outfit into new operations and territories, greatly increasing its power and wealth during his tenure as boss.
-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_AccardoSalvatore “Mooney Sam” Giancana (born Salvatore Giangana; June 15, 1908 June 19, 1975), better known as Sam Giancana, was a Sicilian American mobster, notable for being boss of the Chicago Outfit from 19571966. Among his other nicknames were, “Momo”, “Sam the Cigar,” and “Sammy.”
-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_GiancanaA thought experiment or Gedankenexperiment (from German) considers some hypothesis, theory, or principle for the purpose of thinking through its consequences. Given the structure of the experiment, it may or may not be possible to actually perform it, and if it can be performed, there need be no intention of any kind to actually perform the experiment in question.
-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thought_experimentSorry, but in my opinion this ‘The Portable Marx’ edited by Eugene Kamenka (picture in above posting) is exceptional introduction to Marx’s thought.
Personally I would say that to read Marx just like that is not very quickly rewarding.
In these kind of conditions it’s easy to see that people are mostly, in totally unconscious and stupid manner, capitalists even if only lesser or smalltime way.
But in that book one can use, in the first place, Kamenka’s material to see more clearly Marx’s ideas as kind of thought experiments.
That can be rewarding.
HOWDY
Ps. With Marx one should also consider how one’s emotional intelligence should be activated, in my opinion.
http://www.amazon.com/The-Portable-Karl-Marx-Library/dp/014015096X
http://www.amazon.com/The-Portable-Karl-Marx-Library/dp/014015096X
December 15, 2015 at 10:28 am #44843c_howdyParticipanthttp://gbtimes.com/life/fashion-evolution-clothes-propaganda
LifeFashion
Fashion evolution: Clothes as propaganda
ALENA RASI
2011/11/15After the establishment of the People’s Republic of China, the era of colourful silks and versatile costumes gradually came to an end.
The Cultural Revolution reforms changed lifestyles dramatically, transferring fashion into an instrument of propaganda.
In the early 20th century, some Chinese adopted Western style clothes, but the majority still preferred traditional Chinese gowns, ornamented silk costumes and jewellery. However, when the Communists rose to power in 1949, they wanted to break any possible connections with the old imperial traditions, and especially anything to do with the bourgeois West.
Aiming to build a new and progressive society, Communists used fashion as a powerful tool to influence and alter people’s lifestyles. Despite no direct orders given, it quickly became widely understood that wearing fashionable clothes and expensive fabrics was unpatriotic.
As a result of the political reforms of the Cultural Revolution, people’s outfits changed dramatically. Any expression of individual style or sexuality through clothes was highly discouraged. Symbols of a bourgeois lifestyle, such as Western-style suits, ties and jeans, as well as traditional Chinese gowns, disappeared from view almost overnight.
Women had to put aside their elegant cheongsam dresses, silk stockings and high-heeled shoes to say nothing about cosmetics and jewellery. Instead, they had to wear gender-neutral and rather humble robes. Long hair had to be cut and hidden under a cap.
Those who stood out from the crowd and refused to conform to the new lifestyle fell victims of fashion, literally. They faced a public reprimand or received a lecture from one of the local Communist Party officials. Many were beaten and prosecuted by the Red Guards.
Wang Guangmei, the First Lady and President Liu Shaoqi’s wife, used to wear elegant cheongsam and pearl necklaces during their trips abroad. Maos wife Jiang Qing envied and schemed against her.
President Liu Shaoqi opposed Mao’s views and eventually lost his power. His wife Wang was exposed to humiliating “struggle sessions” in front of 300,000 students being made to wear cheongsam, high heels and a necklace of ping-pong balls. She spent 12 years in prison.
The purpose of Communist fashion innovations was creating a shared national identity through dress, which showed no difference in social class, profession or gender.
The Chinese population were recommended to wear standardised uniforms both at work and at home. Soldiers wore green military uniforms, which were almost identical to the factory workers’ and technicians’ navy-blue cotton robes. Gray versions of the same uniforms were produced for administrative and clerical workers. Moreover, men and women wore exactly the same outfit.
LifeFashion
Fashion evolution: Clothes as propaganda
ALENA RASI
2011/11/15Mao Zedong recognised the ideological power of fashion and even became a national trend-setter. (Photo: Radio86)
TAGS: FashionPropagandaChinese historyTrendCultural RevolutionWestern fashionCheongsamRed GuardsWang GuangmeiLiu ShaoqiChairman MaoJiang QingChinaCommunist fashionMao’s jacketFour Cardinal Principles of ConductLenin suits
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After the establishment of the People’s Republic of China, the era of colourful silks and versatile costumes gradually came to an end.The Cultural Revolution reforms changed lifestyles dramatically, transferring fashion into an instrument of propaganda.
In the early 20th century, some Chinese adopted Western style clothes, but the majority still preferred traditional Chinese gowns, ornamented silk costumes and jewellery. However, when the Communists rose to power in 1949, they wanted to break any possible connections with the old imperial traditions, and especially anything to do with the bourgeois West.
Sexy is unpatriotic
Aiming to build a new and progressive society, Communists used fashion as a powerful tool to influence and alter people’s lifestyles. Despite no direct orders given, it quickly became widely understood that wearing fashionable clothes and expensive fabrics was unpatriotic.
As a result of the political reforms of the Cultural Revolution, people’s outfits changed dramatically. Any expression of individual style or sexuality through clothes was highly discouraged. Symbols of a bourgeois lifestyle, such as Western-style suits, ties and jeans, as well as traditional Chinese gowns, disappeared from view almost overnight.
Women had to put aside their elegant cheongsam dresses, silk stockings and high-heeled shoes to say nothing about cosmetics and jewellery. Instead, they had to wear gender-neutral and rather humble robes. Long hair had to be cut and hidden under a cap.
Victims of fashion
Those who stood out from the crowd and refused to conform to the new lifestyle fell victims of fashion, literally. They faced a public reprimand or received a lecture from one of the local Communist Party officials. Many were beaten and prosecuted by the Red Guards.
Wang Guangmei, the First Lady and President Liu Shaoqi’s wife, used to wear elegant cheongsam and pearl necklaces during their trips abroad. Maos wife Jiang Qing envied and schemed against her.
President Liu Shaoqi opposed Mao’s views and eventually lost his power. His wife Wang was exposed to humiliating “struggle sessions” in front of 300,000 students being made to wear cheongsam, high heels and a necklace of ping-pong balls. She spent 12 years in prison.
Propaganda fashion
The purpose of Communist fashion innovations was creating a shared national identity through dress, which showed no difference in social class, profession or gender.
The Chinese population were recommended to wear standardised uniforms both at work and at home. Soldiers wore green military uniforms, which were almost identical to the factory workers’ and technicians’ navy-blue cotton robes. Gray versions of the same uniforms were produced for administrative and clerical workers. Moreover, men and women wore exactly the same outfit.
Communist leader Mao Zedong also recognised the ideological power of fashion and even became a national trend-setter. His grey jacket, with a turn-down collar and four symmetrically placed pockets, became enormously popular and dominated Chinese fashion from the 1950s to the 1970s. It is still known in the West as Mao’s jacket or “Mao’s suit”.
However, this is another Western misconception, as the Chinese themselves associate this jacket with Dr. Sun Yat-sen who proposed it as an official Chinese outfit after 1911. Later, its modified version was adopted by Mao.
Nevertheless, the jacket soon acquired popular revolutionary mythology and represented the national spirit. For example, the four pockets represented the Four Cardinal Principles of Conduct: propriety, justice, honesty and a sense of shame. In 2007, British newspaper The Independent selected Mao’s suit as one of 10 suits that shook the world.
They say, Mao’s wife Jiang Qing tried her hand as a designer. However, her Jiang-qing skirt, which was recommended as a standard outfit for females of all ages in the early-1970s, didn’t enjoy popularity with women.
After the Great Leap Forward in the 1960s, fabric was so expensive that wool and cotton could only be purchased with special ration coupons.
People were so poor that they could not afford to buy new clothes and this led to the invention of the so-called pretty face suit a jacket with a false shirt attached to its front.
Women wore loose-fitting Lenin suits and ugly-looking patriotic wool suits, made from rag wool. It was cheap and consisted of the leftover threads swept from workshop floors, combined with a small amount of good wool.
The relaxation of Communist clothing standards in the late-70s allowed people more freedom to dress according to their own taste. China opened its doors to the West only to find it had fallen far behind the dynamic rhythm of the Western world’s fashion. How long will it take for China to finally find its own style?
December 15, 2015 at 2:16 pm #44845rideforeverParticipantI was just listening to Sadhguru Jaggi Vasudev talking about the decline in the skeletal structure of the agricultural community in Tamil Nadu (India). He said that when he was young the farmers was strong and fit and tall, now they are drunk and dishevelled, watching American porn on their Nokias, that’s progress.
I am still old enough to remember what healthy people look like, broad shoulders, broad chest, inner pride and courage. Miners who whistled on the way to work, 3 generations of men shoulder to shoulder.
I have always whistled, I don’t know why. Perhaps something from a past life. And why do I recognize that I hear almost no-one else whistling. I was born in Central London but I whistle like I had been born on a shipyard, blue collar. It has years since I heard anyone better than me. And I am not that good. Strange.
Today, ehh what is with the young people. They look like snakes or gollem like … some anyway. There is a certain unevolved look in the face. You see it a lot in the younger movie stars.
There is another look I see from “spiritual” new agey people. That also makes me run a mile.
And another one from people who always want to talk about their problems, illnesses, doctors and pills. Which I have come to recognize represents subconscious “entities” feeding. If you allow yourself to talk like this your consciousness is “leaking” and being eaten by another party.
Meditation is one way of sealing your consciousness so that it does not leak.
Growing up with an alcoholic, when I was young, I often saw this kind of pattern but back then I didn’t know what it was. Like something evil had come across that person and was consuming her, and trying to consume me. She would pry for weaknesses, trying one after another after another (taunting me) … until she found one … and then she would feed.
Anyway … such is this universe of charcoal darkness. A universe where few are awake. Like a bad collective dream.
May I remember to meditate more.
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